One source said it was pushed through on a “snap e-vote and with no consultation with other stakeholders or the GPDA or the FIA’s own drivers’ commission”.

Another said it was “not right” to act in this way and questioned why this could not have been scheduled for discussion at the next meeting of the World Motor Sport Council (WMSC).

The changes mark the latest in a series of moves by the FIA which have been seen as attempts to stifle dissent or criticism of Ben Sulayem.

The most recent was a set of changes to the FIA statutes that opponents said would reduce accountability at the FIA, which were introduced in December at the end of a year in which a series of allegations had been made about the conduct of Ben Sulayem.

And they come less than two months after GPDA director George Russell, the Mercedes F1 driver, said he and his colleagues were “a bit fed up with” the FIA leadership.

The changes for this year define heavy fines and a rising sequence of punishment for drivers guilty of breaching the sporting code.

F1 drivers and others in top-level championships such as world rallying, world endurance and Formula E are subject to fines four times the standard amount.

For international-level drivers, a first offence is punishable by a 40,000 euro (£33,800) fine; a second offence by an 80,000 euro (£67,600) fine and a suspended one-month suspension from competition; and a third offence by a 120,000 euro (£101,000) fine and one-month suspension.

The penalties apply to all FIA licence holders, which would include F1 team principals.

An FIA spokesperson said the changes were an attempt to “further enhance transparency and consistency in decision-making”.

The spokesperson added: “The aim of this new appendix is to provide clear guidance to stewards regarding the penalties for violations of specific international sporting code articles.

“By establishing a more structured framework, the FIA seeks to ensure that penalties are applied uniformly and transparently, benefiting both stewards and drivers/competitors.

“Stewards have the authority to decide what penalty to enforce in the event of a breach of the the international sporting code and/or the applicable FIA regulations.

“Stewards retain the discretion to take into account any mitigating and/or aggravating circumstances as well as the nature and location of the event, to tailor the penalty to the specific situation.”

The FIA did not respond to questions as to the method of passing the vote.

Last year, stewards did not have it within their power to impose a race ban on a driver.

The spokesperson added: “All major governing bodies have similar rules/fines to protect the integrity of the sport. The FIA is not alone in fining competitors for misconduct.”