Security guards trained in crowd control have been put on duty at some major railway stations following the easing of coronavirus restrictions.
Train firms operated reduced services during lockdown, but more frequent trains are now running in England.
People are being encouraged to go back to work in England, but to only use public transport for essential journeys when they have no alternative.
Some industry figures expressed concern over increased passenger numbers.
New crowd-control measures include preventing passengers from boarding a train or entering a platform if there are already too many people.
And more radical steps, such as requiring passengers to book time slots for when they can arrive at a station, are being considered.
Train operators are already planning to limit numbers boarding specific services.
Many intercity trains will be reservation only and Avanti West Coast has said it would not allow carriages to be more than a third full.
Some train companies will block off seats to ensure that passengers spread out. It is also possible that if a service becomes relatively busy early on, then the train will not stop at other destinations along its route.
In future, train operators might not open the doors of certain carriages at earlier stations along a route so that people can get on at a later stop and still have the necessary space to keep their distance.
The chairman of Network Rail, Sir Peter Hendy, was asked by the government to create a plan for managing the flow of passengers.
Stations have been reorganised, signs have been installed and space could be made outside for queuing in case entrances and exits are closed.
Sir Peter, who is one of the most respected and experienced figures in the railways, said he was “confident” that enough work had been done prior to Monday’s increase in services, so that stations “were in a better place”.
Currently, only people who cannot work from home are advised to return to their workplace.
Employers had a vital role to play, said Sir Peter, because they can “strongly influence people’s behaviour”.
“You wouldn’t set out for work if someone told you not to come,” he said.
What is the situation around the UK?
People in England who are allowed to return to work have been asked not to use public transport if possible.
People in Wales have been told to avoid public transport where possible, and a reduced timetable will remain in place on Transport for Wales rail services.
Limited public transport services are running in Scotland for people who absolutely need to get to work and the situation is similar in Northern Ireland.
PC Jason Kelly said the number of passengers on his train from King’s Cross to north Hertfordshire had risen from two to up to 40 after lockdown measures were eased last week.
The officer, who was returning home after a night shift, was not confident that social distancing measures could be met if passenger numbers rise further.
“For some people it’s just like a normal day, people have got fed up with [coronavirus], they’ve had enough,” he said.
Transport for London has spoken to around 300 businesses and the Transport Secretary Grant Shapps has indicated that office start times will be staggered to manage demand on public transport. Meanwhile, London’s congestion charge, which was suspended in March, has been reintroduced.
Staff often outnumber passengers here at Euston station.
British Transport Police officers and security guards are on duty, in case there are crowds.
Every so often dozens of people stream off a platform when a train arrives into London. However it’s still incredibly quiet.
Yellow gates, which are folded-away, are dotted around. They could be used to close entrance points to the station or specific platforms if there are too many people.
There is hand sanitiser on offer in the centre of the concourse.
It’s weird for station managers to be pleased that there aren’t many passengers – but that’s the situation here this morning.
People are also being encouraged to cover their face when on board a train or at a station when it is crowded.
However, senior figures from the rail industry insist they will not be policing whether people are following government guidelines. One rail source said the industry had “done everything we can to suppress demand”.
Passenger numbers last week were slightly up on the previous week. However, footfall through major UK stations was only about 10% of pre-pandemic levels.
During the crisis the government is covering the losses made by train companies, which saw revenues evaporate when travel restrictions began.
But industry forecasting predicts that significant passenger numbers will return several weeks from now.
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Train companies admit they are nervous about how the situation can be managed, once crowds return. “We are counting on the individual conduct of passengers”, said one rail source.
Mick Cash, the general secretary of transport union RMT, said there should be “new compulsory protections”.
“We have the crazy situation of Eurostar passengers arriving with masks on into St Pancras but then not wearing masks when they transfer to the Tube or other rail services.”
In other developments:
- Children from wealthier families are spending more time each day studying during the coronavirus lockdown compared with the poorest, according to new research
- Proposed laws for a points-based immigration system will appear before MPs later. The government says the system promotes a “high skill” economy but critics say the pandemic has changed public attitudes towards workers considered “unskilled”
- More than half a million people have accessed online training that aims to prevent suicide in the last three weeks alone, a charity has said
- A number of European countries are further easing their lockdown restrictions on Monday. Most businesses in Italy are free to reopen while Spain is allowing groups of up to 10 people to meet, except in Madrid and Barcelona
- On Sunday the UK confirmed a further 170 deaths from people who tested positive for coronavirus – the lowest daily figure since 24 March
- It is not uncommon for the number of deaths to be lower at the weekend than those reported during the week. The overall UK death toll remains the highest in Europe, and is now 34,636
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